The question of whether Russian soldiers use 9mm or .45 ACP ammunition is not straightforward. The answer depends on several factors, including the specific branch of the military, the era, and the type of firearm. While the .45 ACP cartridge has a long and storied history, it's not the primary caliber used by the Russian military today. This article will delve into the history and current state of Russian small arms to provide a comprehensive answer.
The Prevalence of 9mm in Modern Russian Military
Currently, the 9x19mm Parabellum (9mm) is the dominant pistol cartridge used by the Russian military. This is a significant departure from the historical preference for larger calibers. The widespread adoption of the 9mm is due to several factors:
- Improved ammunition technology: Modern 9mm ammunition offers increased stopping power compared to older rounds, thanks to advancements in projectile design and powder technology. This makes it a more effective cartridge for self-defense and close-quarters combat.
- Increased magazine capacity: 9mm pistols generally have higher magazine capacity than those chambered in .45 ACP, providing soldiers with a greater number of rounds available in a firefight.
- Logistical advantages: The widespread global use of 9mm makes it easier to procure and resupply, reducing logistical complexities for a large military force like Russia's.
This widespread use is reflected in the adoption of pistols such as the Makarov PM (though this is gradually being phased out), and more modern service pistols like the Yarygin PYa (also known as the MP-443 Grach), both chambered in 9mm.
The History of Larger Calibers in Russian Service
While 9mm is prevalent today, Russia's military history includes the use of various larger calibers, though rarely the .45 ACP:
- 7.62x25mm Tokarev: This cartridge was used extensively in the iconic TT-33 pistol. Its high velocity and substantial stopping power made it a popular choice during the Soviet era. However, its significant recoil and less accurate performance compared to modern designs led to its decline.
- .45 ACP and the Russian Military: The .45 ACP cartridge has seen limited use within the Russian military, primarily during specific periods or in smaller quantities. It wasn't a standard service round. It's more likely to be found in captured weapons or in the hands of specialized units.
Why Not .45 ACP?
The .45 ACP's lack of widespread adoption in the Russian military can be attributed to several reasons:
- Logistical hurdles: The .45 ACP has never been a standard military round in Russia, making supply and maintenance complex.
- Recoil and controllability: The .45 ACP's substantial recoil can make it less controllable in rapid firing situations, especially for less experienced shooters.
- Alternative options: The development of improved 9mm ammunition and other cartridges offering comparable stopping power diminished the need for the .45 ACP.
Submachine Guns and Rifles: A Different Story
It's crucial to distinguish between pistols and other small arms. While the 9mm is dominant in handguns, the Russian military employs various rifles and submachine guns in different calibers, notably 7.62x39mm and 5.45x39mm for assault rifles. These are not relevant to the original question focusing on pistol calibers.
Conclusion: 9mm is the Dominant Caliber
In conclusion, while the Russian military has a rich history with various small arms calibers, the 9mm Parabellum (.9mm) is the predominant pistol cartridge used by Russian soldiers today. The .45 ACP, while used historically in other militaries and potentially in limited situations within Russia, has never achieved widespread adoption within their service. The shift towards 9mm reflects modern advancements in ammunition technology and the need for logistical efficiency in a large military force.